Richard Davies wrote: The UK has a good crop of technology pioneers in cloud computing - for example ElasticHosts, FlexiScale, Flexiant, OnApp - and also some strong government initiatives such as G-Cloud.
We will have to see whether this kind of technical leadership converts into swift mass-market adoption or not.
In many cases, the end of the year gives you time to step back and take stock of the last 12 months. This is when many of us take a hard look at what worked and what did not, complete performance reviews, and formulate plans for the coming year. For me, it is all of those things plus a time when I u...
Within the IT industry, we're seeing a steady shift from an RPC
(remote procedure call) integration style to
asynchronous, document-based integration. More and more developers
are realizing that asynchronous services are core to a new, loosely
coupled and message-driven architecture. In practice, while most
developers and architects I work with are sold on the value of an
asynchronous architecture, it introduces a steep learning curve that
makes it more difficult for them to take the next step. Having seen
the good, the bad, and the ugly sides of many integration projects,
I'll try here to pass on some experiences on the benefits, common
hurdles, and best practices of implementing asynchronous services and
the systems that support them.
The main benefits that are enabled by asynchronous
services and the associated loosely coupled, message-based architecture are:
Reliability: A synchronous integration style results in
brittle applications where the weakest link in a chain impacts an
entire application or business process. Reliable integration requires
asynchronous interactions.
Scalability: Message-oriented middleware vendors and
developers have shown that queues provide for maximum throughput and
efficiency when connecting systems with different processing and
availability capacities. The same approach can be taken with all
integration projects by leveraging asynchronous services.
Long-running services: Integration projects frequently bring the greatest value when automating business processes that involve
both manual processes and automated systems. Any service that
supports or requires manual intervention must have an asynchronous
interface due to the time it will likely need to complete.
Taking a real-world example, a developer needs to build a bidding
service and wants the benefits of an asynchronous, message-driven
architecture. What are the problems he or she might run into?
Designing an asynchronous interface: The goal is to think
about the interface to the service as a message-driven/document style
interface. The first step is to use XML Schema to describe the
documents that will be passed into and out of the service. Similarly,
the output of the service should not be thought of as a return value
and exception(s) but rather as callback messages. In the XML Web
services world, WSDL and PartnerLinkTypes (which specify
conversational callback messages) are particularly helpful.
Coordinating reliable/asynchronous conversations:
Asynchronous, conversational architectures with a service can be
highly reliable but introduce some new sproblems that are typically
not issues for synchronous, RPC-style integration. For example, when
it is time to send a callback message to the client of a service,
what address should it be called back at, and how should the callback
message be correlated with the initiation message? The WS-Addressing
specification, promoted by the same software vendors behind the BPEL
specification, provides a standard answer to these questions, or a
custom solution could be crafted using content-based correlation.
Another problem surrounds the reliable delivery of messages over less
fault-tolerant protocols like HTTP. A well-behaved asynchronous
service should both support a reliable message delivery standard
(such as WS-ReliableMessaging) to enable
once-and-only-once guaranteed delivery of messages as well as
idempotence (the characteristic that sending the same message
multiple times has the same effect as sending it once).
Managing transactional integrity: In an asynchronous world, services will need to support compensating transactions (also known
as long-running transactions) rather than the traditional XA model of
locking transactions. This means that services should implement pairs
of operations (doXXX and undoXXX) so that a client of the service, or
a transaction manager, as standards like WS-Transaction take hold,
will be able to cancel a fully "committed" operation if necessary. A
related facet of this problem is that of exception management and
task services. In an asynchronous environment, people and manual
tasks can be inserted in the workflow of a service or business
process when appropriate. Frequently this enables support of existing
manual processes for exception cases when automating a flow, and
speeds adoption (and thus ROI) of the automated system.
As you can see, there are many standards (BPEL4WS, SOAP, WSDL,
WS-Addressing, WS-Transaction, etc.) that assist in implementing
asynchronous architectures. These standards provide a framework for
an asynchronous architecture and bring significant value in both the
design and implementation phases of an integration project by
supporting asynchronous interactions as first-class citizens. But all
of these standards and technology are the second step - the first
step is for developers and architects to learn to be more comfortable
designing asynchronous, loosely coupled services and systems.
About Edwin Khodabakchian Edwin Khodabakchian is the CEO of Collaxa. Previously, he was the CTO of the AOL eCommerce divison where he took an active part in the Merchant Integration, Shopping Search, Wallet and AOL 6.0 products. Before the acquisition of Netscape by AOL, Edwin worked at Netscape as the chief architect of the Netscape/iPlanet Business Process Manager, a product he successfully drove from inception to release.
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#3
Edwin Khodabakchian commented on 19 Oct 2003
Mike,
You are making a good point: there are problems that are better addressed using a tighly-coupled, synchronous architecture/design patterns. And those classes of applications are not going away.
It seems to me though, that J2EE and JCA are well equiped to address those requirements. Where J2EE/JCA fail short and the reason why XML web services are emerging is that there is a class of integration application that would be very brittle if designed with a synchronous, tightly-coupled glue.
I do not think that one single architecture will address the need of all classes of applications. Different patterns result in different trade-offs.
#2
Mike commented on 16 Oct 2003
A robust enterprise solution architecture requires both synchronous and asynchronous service invocation models. Why is it that you advocate a choice of one or the other? The asynchronous model is generally appropriate for coarse grained service invocation within a compensatory transaction model managed by a work/process flow automation container. Synchronous service invocation is preferred for service invocations within the scope of a two phase commit transaction managed by an XA compliant transaction manager. In a perfect world, web services would support both compensatory and 2pc transaction models, so that composite services could be built by combining lower level services using the appropriate transaction and invocation models. In a world where web services support only a compensatory transaction model, composite services requiring a 2pc transaction model must be built using other component/service models (JCA/JTA for example). These composite services can then be exposed as web services and participate in compensatory transactions. So, until web services standards support a transaction model (compensatory, 2pc, or both) the choice of an appropriate invocation model (synch. or asynch.) for a particular service will be a matter of infrastructure support and preference with a little bit of religion mixed in for good measure.
Edwin, I could not agree more. Might I also refer you to my book "Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions"... I think you will find it interesting. Also, lots of info around the book on www.eaipatterns.com.
Edwin Khodabakchian wrote: Mike,
You are making a good point: there are problems that are better addressed using a tighly-coupled, synchronous architecture/design patterns. And those classes of applications are not going away.
It seems to me though, that J2EE and JCA are well equiped to address those requirements. Where J2EE/JCA fail short and the reason why XML web services are emerging is that there is a class of integration application that would be very brittle if designed with a synchronous, tightly-coupled glue.
I do not think that one single architecture will address the need of all classes of applications. Different patterns result in different trade-offs.
Mike wrote: A robust enterprise solution architecture requires both synchronous and asynchronous service invocation models. Why is it that you advocate a choice of one or the other? The asynchronous model is generally appropriate for coarse grained service invocation within a compensatory transaction model managed by a work/process flow automation container. Synchronous service invocation is preferred for service invocations within the scope of a two phase commit transaction managed by an XA compliant transaction manager. In a perfect world, web services would support both compensatory and 2pc transaction models, so that composite services could be built by combining lower level services using the appropriate transaction and invocation models. In a world where web services support only a compensatory transaction model, composite services requiring a 2pc transaction model must be built using oth...
Gregor Hohpe wrote: Edwin, I could not agree more. Might I also refer you to my book "Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions"... I think you will find it interesting. Also, lots of info around the book on www.eaipatterns.com.
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In Aug 2011, around 72 million people accessed social networking sites from mobile, increase of 37% from previous year (study by ComScore) and nearly 50% (of 72 million) access networking sites almost every day.
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